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sparrows: the numbers

sparrows · china, 1958

china ordered its sparrows killed for eating grain. hundreds of millions were. the locusts the sparrows had eaten came instead. the famine that followed killed tens of millions of people, of many causes, this among them.

method historical: Shapiro 2001; Dikötter 2010.

live. this is the channel itself. embed it anywhere:
<iframe src="https://thetoll.earth/?channel=sparrows" width="100%" height="520" style="border:1px solid #D9DDDB" title="the toll · sparrows"></iframe>
or the whole broadcast, every channel, the same for everyone:
<iframe src="https://thetoll.earth/?embed=1" width="100%" height="520" style="border:1px solid #D9DDDB" title="the toll · on now, everywhere"></iframe>

how this number is built

method
historical: Shapiro 2001; Dikötter 2010.
range
n/a
confidence
estimate
weakness
the famine had many causes; the site says so.
dispute
dispute LGR-100 · corrections are credited
data
channels.json (sign-in) · full entry · CC BY 4.0
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